Right To Die Laws California – Assisted dying is rapidly becoming legalized and accepted in Western countries, raising difficult questions and changing the way people think about death.
Shortly before Angel Hernandez handed his wife a glass of the deadly barbiturates, he asked her again if she wanted to die. “The sooner the better,” she replied. Maria José Carrasco’s body suffered from multiple sclerosis and she had difficulty swallowing poison. Finally she squeezed it down with a straw.
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Ms Carrasco’s death in 2019 caused a media storm in Spain. A judge in Madrid initially referred the case to the Special Court on Violence Against Women. Prosecutors urged Hernandez, then 70, to serve six months in prison. But on June 25, Spain passed a law allowing people with a “severe or incurable disease” or “prolonged or incapacitated” to seek help to end their lives. Twelve days later, Hernandez was acquitted.
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Western public opinion has long supported euthanasia. In 2002, 60% of Spaniards supported voluntary euthanasia and the percentage increased to 71% in 2019. It is clear that support is based on secularization and growing liberal values. But it is also a personal experience, especially for young people, who have seen their parents suffer and fight for their right to die.
Change happens fast. Assisted dying is currently legal or decriminalized in at least a dozen countries, with legislative or court challenges underway in several others (see map). On November 5, Portugal’s parliament approved a revised bill that would allow people with “severe, incurable and irreversible” conditions to receive assistance to end their lives (in March, the Constitutional Court rejected an earlier bill as too strict). Other large Catholic countries, such as Chile, Ireland, Italy and Uruguay, are also working to implement the right to die. In Belgium, Colombia and the Netherlands, governments extended assisted dying laws to include children with terminal illnesses.
After years of conflict, activists and politicians found ways to get past or around reluctant lawmakers. The right to die has been recognized in the voting booth in the United States, squeezed by the Australian legislature and accepted by the courts in Canada and Europe. Supporters used public consultations and petitions to express public support. Evidence from countries with euthanasia has fueled fears that it is increasingly easy to “kill grandma”. When lawyers in one country learn from their counterparts in other countries, change can be swift.
Assisted dying is still rare. Most of the cases are related to cancer and the death toll is very low. But they are changing the way people think about death. In some countries, euthanasia has been extended to people with mental disorders and dementia, as well as elderly people who are tired of life. A secret network of baby boomers sharing suicide techniques has emerged online. Even some supporters are starting to worry about ice.
In The West, Assisted Dying Is Rapidly Becoming Legal And Accepted
30 years ago, euthanasia was illegal throughout Switzerland. But in 1997, the US state of Oregon passed the Death with Dignity Act and began to liberalize. In Oregon, two doctors must agree that a patient is sane and has less than six months to live before receiving life-threatening drugs. The patient must perform this (called physician-assisted death) rather than a doctor administering the injection (voluntary euthanasia). About 2,000 people have died at the hands of the police (about 250 last year, see Figure 1), with no unusual deaths. Currently, ten states (one in five Americans), plus Washington, D.C., have initiated legal reforms.
Oregon’s rules are copied internationally with some modifications. New Zealand’s Oregon-style law comes into effect on November 7. In Australia, the state of Victoria passed a similar law in 2017, and all but one of Australia’s six states have followed suit. In the UK, an Oregon-style bill passed the second reading in the House of Lords in October. But it would also need the support of the House of Commons and the government to become law, which looks unlikely. Three quarters of Britons support the right to die, but only 35% of MPs do.
Some activists discreetly avoid court appearances. In February, Peru’s Constitutional Court ruled that the health ministry’s refusal to help a woman suffering from polio violated her rights to “dignity” and “autonomy.” Austria and many other countries have begun to follow a 2011 ruling by the European Court of Human Rights that people have the right to decide when and how they die. In 2020, the charity Dignitas German began helping people commit suicide after Germany’s highest court ruled that a ban on multiple attempts to help others die was unconstitutional.
Even if a legislature or court leaves the door open to euthanasia, those seeking this option may face significant obstacles. Victoria Police has 68 protections, but it excludes some of the people it was meant to help. Doctors are prohibited from assisting patients in dying, so many do not know it is an option. Colombia criminalized voluntary euthanasia in 1997, but has only now begun to regulate it. As a result, many Colombian doctors refused to participate for fear of prosecution. Approvals are rare and may be revoked.
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Despite such strict rules, the expansion of the death penalty has not been without controversy. In Canada, the Supreme Court ruled in 2015 that the ban on medical-assisted dying (MAID) violates the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. MAID is now available to all Canadians with a chronic physical illness or disability. Specifically, the law allows patients to identify “intolerable” pain. In 2020, only 6% of MAID written requests were rejected.
Some disability rights advocates believe the revised law will shorten the lives of people with disabilities. Anti-euthanasia lawyer David Shannon said it was “simply unthinkable” to designate MAIDs based on race, gender or other protective characteristics. But others believe that the basis of the disability movement is to create the freedom to make their own decisions.
Opponents fear Canada is helping people die before it helps them live. Critics argue that disabled people who do not receive adequate support may choose to die because society has failed them. They worry that this is especially true for those who experience abuse, racism and poverty, but data from the US shows that those who choose euthanasia are mostly middle-class, white and educated.
Starting in 2023, Canada will only provide MAID to people with mental illness and would otherwise be discriminatory. Many Canadians are uncomfortable with this (see Figure 2). They worry that doctors may have suicidal tendencies that are characteristic of many mental illnesses: Some studies calculate that one in 10 people with schizophrenia will commit suicide. Others question whether patients can try all possible treatments when medical and social understanding of mental illness is so rudimentary and mental health services are often lacking. Mona Gupta, a psychiatrist and biomedical scientist in Quebec, said many people underestimate the severity of uncontrollable emotions. They had seen images of mental illness in popular culture, but had never seen someone seriously affected.
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John Scully, who has suffered from severe depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for decades, agrees. At night in his Toronto home, Mr. Scully, 80, is haunted by what he sees as symbols of war: dead men torn apart by vultures, an AK47 trying to shoot him. He also felt physical pain. “There is no cure,” he said. Nineteen trauma treatments, countless medications and six visits to a psychiatrist did not help him. He believed that “the only help available” was assisted dying. He considered it a more honorable option than suicide, which he had tried twice, and which he believed would cause less pain to his family.
Like other biologists, Dr. Gupta that mental disorders should be treated in the same way as other conditions that cause chronic pain. For doctors, she said, the evaluation process is very similar: distinguishing between sudden death wishes and the circumstances under consideration and determining whether the patient is sane. This condition is very rare. In 2020, euthanasia centers for only 88 people with mental illness (12% of applicants) in the Netherlands accepted their requests for help. Many people are happy to have this option.
Theo Bohr, a Dutch ethicist who has defended his country’s euthanasia laws, believes Canada is making the same mistakes as the Netherlands. Since Dutch doctors pushed for the legalization of assisted dying 20 years ago, he believes voluntary euthanasia has gone from “the last resort to prevent a horrible death” to the last resort to prevent a horrible life. He believes that voluntary euthanasia is a shortcut to death and caesarean section is a shortcut to birth. are there
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